1. What are the differences between GET and POST methods in form submitting, give
the case where we can use get and we can use post methods?
Answer:
On the server side, the main difference between GET and POST is where the
submitted is stored. The $_GET array stores data submitted by the GET method.
The $_POST array stores data submitted by the POST method.
On the browser side, the difference is that data submitted by the GET method will
be displayed in the browser’s address field. Data submitted by the POST method
will not be displayed anywhere on the browser.
GET method is mostly used for submitting a small amount and less sensitive data.
POST method is mostly used for submitting a large amount or sensitive data.

2. Who is the father of php and explain the changes in php versions?
Answer:
Rasmus Lerdorf for version changes go to http://php.net/
Marco Tabini is the founder and publisher of php|architect.
3. How can we submit from without a submit button?
Answer:
We can use a simple JavaScript code linked to an event trigger of any form field.
In the JavaScript code, we can call the document.form.submit() function to submit
the form. For example:
4. How many ways we can retrieve the date in result set of mysql Using php?
Answer:
As individual objects so single record or as a set or arrays.
5. What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and mysql_fetch_array?
Answer:
MySQL fetch object will collect first single matching record where
mysql_fetch_array will collect all matching records from the table in an array.
6. What is the difference between $message and $$message?
Answer:
They are both variables. But $message is a variable with a fixed name. $$message is
a variable who’s name is stored in $message. For example, if $message contains
“var”, $$message is the same as $var.
7. How can we extract string ‘abc.com ‘ from a string
‘http://info@a…’ using regular _expression of php?
Answer:
We can use the preg_match() function with “/.*@(.*)$/” as
the regular expression pattern. For example:
preg_match(“/.*@(.*)$/”,”http://info@abc.com”,$data);
echo $data[1];
8. How can we create a database using php and mysql?
Answer:
PHP: mysql_create_db()
Mysql: create database;
9. What are the differences between require and include, include_once?
Answer:
File will not be included more than once. If we want to include a file once only and
further calling of the file will be ignored then we have to use the PHP function
include_once(). This will prevent problems with function redefinitions, variable
value reassignments, etc.
10. Can we use include (“abc.php”) two times in a php page “makeit.php”?
Answer:
Yes we can include..
11. What are the different tables present in mysql, which type of table is generated when
we are creating a table in the following
syntax: create table employee(eno int(2),ename varchar(10)) ?
Answer:
Total 5 types of tables we can create
1. MyISAM
2. Heap
3. Merge
4. InnoDB
5. ISAM
6. BDB
MyISAM is the default storage engine as of MySQL 3.23.
12. Functions in IMAP, POP3 AND LDAP?
Answer:
Please visit:
http://fi2.php.net/imap
http://uk2.php.net/ldap
13. How can I execute a php script using command line?
Answer:
Just run the PHP CLI (Command Line Interface) program and provide the PHP
script file name as the command line argument. For example, “php myScript.php”,
assuming “php” is the command to invoke the CLI program.
Be aware that if your PHP script was written for the Web CGI interface, it may not
execute properly in command line environment.

14. Suppose your ZEND engine supports the mode <? ?> Then how can u configure your
php ZEND engine to support <?php ?> mode ?
Answer:
If you change the line: short_open_tag = off in php.ini file. Then your php ZEND
engine support only <?php ?> mode.
15. Shopping cart online validation i.e. how can we configure the paypals?
16. What is meant by nl2br()?
Answer:
nl2br — Inserts HTML line breaks before all newlines in a string
string nl2br (string);
Returns string with ‘<br />’ inserted before all newlines.
For example: echo nl2br(“god bless\n you”) will output “god bless
\n you” to your browser.
17. Draw the architecture of ZEND engine?

18. What are the current versions of apache, php, and mysql?
Answer:
PHP: php5.1.2
MySQL: MySQL 5.1
Apache: Apache 2.1
19. What are the reasons for selecting lamp (Linux, apache, mysql, php) instead of
combination of other software programs, servers and operating systems?
Answer:
All of those are open source resource. Security of linux is very very more than
windows. Apache is a better server that IIS both in functionality and security.
Mysql is world most popular open source database. Php is more faster that asp or
any other scripting language.
20. How can we encrypt and decrypt a data present in a mysql table using mysql?
Answer:
AES_ENCRYPT () and AES_DECRYPT ()
21. How can we encrypt the username and password using php?
Answer:
You can encrypt a password with the following Mysql>SET
PASSWORD=PASSWORD(“Password”);
We can encode data using base64_encode($string) and can decode using
base64_decode($string);

22. What are the features and advantages of OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING?
Answer:
One of the main advantages of OO programming is its ease of modification; objects
can easily be modified and added to a system there by reducing maintenance costs.
OO programming is also considered to be better at modeling the real world than is
procedural programming. It allows for more complicated and flexible interactions.
OO systems are also easier for non-technical personnel to understand and easier for
them to participate in the maintenance and enhancement of a system because it
appeals to natural human cognition patterns.
For some systems, an OO approach can speed development time since many objects
are standard across systems and can be reused. Components that manage dates,
shipping, shopping carts, etc. can be purchased and easily modified for a specific
system.

23. What are the differences between PROCEDURE ORIENTED LANGUAGES
AND OBJECT ORIENTED LANGUAGES?
Answer:
Traditional programming has the following characteristics:
Functions are written sequentially, so that a change in programming can affect any
code that follows it.

If a function is used multiple times in a system (i.e., a piece of code that manages the
date), it is often simply cut and pasted into each program (i.e., a change log, order
function, fulfillment system, etc). If a date change is needed (i.e., Y2K when the code
needed to be changed to handle four numerical digits instead of two), all these pieces
of code must be found, modified, and tested.

Code (sequences of computer instructions) and data (information on which the
instructions operates on) are kept separate. Multiple sets of code can access and
modify one set of data. One set of code may rely on data in multiple places. Multiple
sets of code and data are required to work together. Changes made to any of the
code sets and data sets can cause problems through out the system.

Object-Oriented programming takes a radically different approach:
Code and data are merged into one indivisible item – an object (the term
“component” has also been used to describe an object.) An object is an abstraction
of a set of real-world things (for example, an object may be created around “date”)
The object would contain all information and functionality for that thing (A dateobject it may contain labels like January, February, Tuesday, Wednesday. It may
contain functionality that manages leap years, determines if it is a business day or a
holiday, etc., See Fig. 1). Ideally, information about a particular thing should reside
in only one place in a system. The information within an object is encapsulated (or
hidden) from the rest of the system.
A system is composed of multiple objects (i.e., date function, reports, order
processing, etc., See Fig 2). When one object needs information from another object,
a request is sent asking for specific information. (for example, a report object may
need to know what today’s date is and will send a request to the date object) These
requests are called messages and each object has an interface that manages
messages.
OO programming languages include features such as “class”, “instance”,
“inheritance”, and “polymorphism” that increase the power and flexibility of an
object.

24. What is the use of friend function?
Answer:
Friend functions
Sometimes a function is best shared among a number of different classes. Such
functions can be declared either as member functions of one class or as global
functions. In either case they can be set to be friends of other classes, by using a
friend specifier in the class that is admitting them. Such functions can use all
attributes of the class whichnames them as a friend, as if they were themselves
members of that class.

25. What are the different types of errors in php?
Answer:
Three are three types of errors:

1. Notices: These are trivial, non-critical errors that PHP encounters while
executing a script – for example, accessing a variable that has not yet been defined.
By default, such errors are not displayed to the user at all – although, as you will see,
you can change this default behaviour.
2. Warnings: These are more serious errors – for example, attempting to include() a
file which does not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user, but they
do not result in script termination.
3. Fatal errors: These are critical errors – for example, instantiating an object of a
non-existent class, or calling a non-existent function. These errors cause the
immediate termination of the script, and PHP’s default behaviour is to display them
to the user when they take place.

26. How can we convert asp pages to php pages?
Answer:
You can download asp2php front-end application from the site
http://asp2php.naken.cc.

27.How can we get second of the current time using date function?
Answer:
$second = date(“s”);

28. What is the difference between the functions unlink and unset?
Answer:
unlink() deletes the given file from the file system.
unset() makes a variable undefined.

29. How can we register the variables into a session?
Answer:
We can use the session_register ($ur_session_var) function.

30. What is the difference between char and varchar data types?
Answer:
char(M) M bytes 0<=M<=255
varchar(M) L+1 bytes where L<=M & 0<=M<=255
i.e.; char data type allocate memory statically
and varchar data type allocate memory dynamically

31. What is the functionality of md5 function in php?
Answer:
string md5(string)
Calculate the md5 hash of a string. The hash is a 32-character hexadecimal number.
We can use it to generate keys, which we use to identify users etc. If we add random
no techniques to it the md5 generated now will be totally different for the same
string we are using..

32. How can we know the number of days between two given dates using mysql?
Answer:
select DIFFDATE( NOW(), ‘yyyy-mm-dd’ );

33. What are the differences between drop a table and truncate a table?
Answer:
Delete a Table or DatabaseTo delete a table (the table structure, attributes, and
indexes will also be deleted).
What if we only want to get rid of the data inside a table, and not the table itself?
Use the TRUNCATE TABLE command (deletes only the data inside the table).

34. What are the different ways to login to a remote server? Explain the means,
advantages and disadvantages?
Answer:
There is at least 3 ways to logon to a remote server:
Use ssh or telnet if you concern with security
You can also use rlogin to logon to a remote server.

35. How would you backup and restore a big MySQL database? What are the advantages
of the approach which you have taken over the others?
Use the mysqldump command.
If you have Telnet/SSH access to your MySQL server, log in and issue the following
command for each database you want to back up:
shell> mysqldump -u user -ppassword –opt -full database_name > backupfile.sql

Then move the resulting file(s) to your preferred backup areas. If you require more
information on the mysqldump command, then simply check out this
URL:www.mysql.com/documentation/mysql
Copy all the relevant table files.
If the server isn’t updating anything (or you’ve deliberately killed mysqld for this
purpose) then you can copy all the files with the following extensions in your
MySQL data directory:
*.frm
*.myd
*.myi
Make sure you restart the MySQL daemon once you finish copying and
downloading the files to your preferred backup areas.
TIP: once you’ve completed the backup, restart MySQL with the –log-update
switch. This will allow you to keep track of all modifications done in the MySQL
tables since your last ‘dump’.
To restore your dumps, you should either restore to an existing database or create a
new database using
shell> mysqladmin create database_name
then issue the following command :
shell> mysql -u user -ppassword database_name < backup-file.sql
If you don’t have access to Telnet/SSH and you’re unable to do backups using the
methods described above, you should ask your host if it is possible for them to do a
backup for you and put the backups in a separate directory so that you can easily
FTP your backups to your selected backup areas. Otherwise, if you have access to
phpMyAdmin, you can use the following procedure:
Access phpMyAdmin, and select the database you wish to ‘dump’ (backup).
Scroll down and you will see a bulleted point saying: “View dump (schema) of
database” along with some radio and check boxes. Choose ‘Structure and data’,
then click on ‘Add Drop Table’ and ‘Send’ and click ‘Go’. This will save the ‘dump’
to your hard drive.
To restore a dump using phpMyAdmin, simply insert the file in the correct place
once you have chosen the correct database by doing the following:
Choose the database you will insert your data into, or create a new database.
Insert the appropriate SQL queries you already have, or just paste the name of
the .sql file you have on your hard drive into the text box under ‘Location of the
textfile’, and fire away!
Tip : use a crontab job to schedule backups periodically.
The advantages of this approach is the backup is only a file consisting of SQL query.
So that needs minimum spaces to backup a large database.
36. For the database from the previous question, please give an SQL query which returns
the invoice number of all invoices which contain the article with the number “1234″. The
query should be able to run under a MySQL 4.0 database.
Answer:
Select invoceNo from invoice where article_id=1234;

37. What is meant by PEAR in php?
Answer:
PEAR is short for “PHP Extension and Application Repository” and is pronounced
just like the fruit. The purpose of PEAR is to provide:
A structured library of open-sourced code for PHP users
A system for code distribution and package maintenance
A standard style for code written in PHP
The PHP Foundation Classes (PFC),
The PHP Extension Community Library (PECL),
A web site, mailing lists and download mirrors to support the PHP/PEAR
community
PEAR is a community-driven project with the PEAR Group as the governing body.
The project has been founded by Stig S. Bakken in 1999 and quite a lot of people
have joined the project since then.
http://pear.php.net/manual/en/introduction.php

38 How many ways we can give the output to a browser?
Answer:
HTML output
PHP, ASP, JSP, Servlet Function
Script Language output Function
Different Type of embedded Package to output to a browser
39. How can we know that a session is started or not?
Answer:
a session starts by session_start()function.
this session_start() is always declared in header portion.it always declares first.then
we write session_register().

40. What is the default session time in php and how can I change it?
Answer:
The default session time in php is until closing of browser